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Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont (1871-1944) | |
Né à Angoulême le 9
avril 1871, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
fait ses études à Etampes puis à
l'université de Paris. Après avoir
envisagé d'abord une carrière d'avocat, il y
renonce pour collaborer à la gestion de la Banque Bouilloux-Lafont
que son père avait fondée en 1855. Il fonde
également la Caisse commerciale et industrielle,
banque spécialisée dans les prêts
à l'étranger. En 1907 il part au
Brésil car le président des docks de Bahia
recherchait les fonds nécessaires à la
construction du port. En 1912, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
devient maire d'Etampes, et contribue efficacement au
développement de cette ville. Il le sera jusqu'en
1929. Puis vient la guerre. Il est mobilisé, mais
en 1915, le général Joffre lui confie une
mission dans le but de défendre les
intérêts français et la cause des
alliés en Amérique du Sud. Après la
guerre, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont,
confiant dans l'immense avenir du Brésil,
entreprend toute une série de travaux dont les plus
importants sont : la construction et administration des
ports de Bahia, Vitoria, Rio, Niteroi, la construction et
l'exploitation des chemins de fer de l'est
brésilien, la fondation du Crédit Foncier du
Brésil et de la Cia Brazileira de Imoveis qui
construisit à Rio une partie importante des
nouveaux quartiers. Rien ne prédestine Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
à entrer dans le domaine de l'aviation. Et
pourtant, lorsqu'en 1926, Pierre Latécoère,
qui se heurte à des difficultés
insurmontables pour prolonger sa ligne aérienne
postale Toulouse - Dakar en Amérique du Sud, vient
le trouver, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont,
d'abord sceptique, finit par racheter l'entreprise de
l'industriel toulousain. Son esprit patriote ne supporte
pas de voir la France devancée en Amérique
du Sud par la concurrence étrangère,
notamment allemande. Il crée ainsi la Compagnie
Générale Aéropostale (CGA) (nom qu'il
choisit lui-même) et dans des délais
très courts réalise, par
l'intermédiaire de sa puissante
société sud-américaine de travaux
publics (SUDAM), une gigantesque infrastructure,
indispensable à une ligne aérienne
commerciale : ses capitaux financent en Amérique du
Sud la construction de 15 aérodromes
équipés de TSF, radiogoniométrie,
hangars et ateliers pour l'entretien des avions etc. En
1930, la Compagnie Générale
Aéropostale exploite un réseau de 17000
kilomètres, rassemblant 80 pilotes, 250
mécaniciens, 53 radios, 250 marins. Elle
possède 218 avions, 21 hydravions et 8 navires. Cet
effort technique et financier gigantesque est
également orienté par le biais de
sociétés affiliées à
l'Aéropostale vers l'implantation du réseau
dans les diverses nations sud-américaines comme
l'Argentine (Aeroposta Argentina), Uruguay (Aeroposta
Uruguaya), Brésil (Aeroposta Brazileira)
Vénézuela (Aeroposta Venezolana). Dans ces
sociétés, les pilotes nationaux, au coude
à coude avec leurs amis français (Vachet,
Mermoz, St-Exupéry, Guillaumet etc.), ont
œuvré pour l'enracinement et le prolongement du
réseau. " Une telle entreprise (l'Aéropostale) n'était pas à la portée d'une seule fortune. Si l'Etat avait aidé Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont, comme il le ferait aujourd'hui, cette grande entreprise aurait certainement survécu et Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont aurait connu honneurs et félicitations " (Marcel Dassault, 1980) Guillemette de Bure, petite fille de Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont |
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Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
(1871-1944) TOP |
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Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
was born in Angouleme on April 9, 1871 and studied first
at Etampes and later at the University of Paris. He had
planned on a career in law but abandoned the idea to join
the management of the Bouilloux-Lafont
bank, founded by his father in 1855. He also founded the
Caisse Commerciale et Industrielle, a bank specialising in
foreign loans. In 1907 he set off for Brazil where the
chairman of the docks at Bahia was trying to get together
the funds needed to build the port. In 1912, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
became mayor of Etampes, a position he held until 1929,
and was instrumental in the town's development. Then war
broke out, and he was drafted, though in 1915 General
Joffre appointed him to defend French interests and the
allied cause in South America. After the war, confident
that Brazil had a great future ahead of it, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
embarked on a series of projects, including the following:
construction and administration of the ports of Bahia,
Vitoria, Rio, Niteroi; construction and operation of
railways in eastern Brazil; establishment of the Land and
Mortgage bank in Brazil; establishment of the Cia
Brazileira de Imoveis which built many of the new
districts in Rio. There was nothing to suggest that Marcel
Bouilloux-Lafont
would pursue a career in aviation, nonetheless in 1926,
Pierre Latécoère approached him concerning
the difficulties in his efforts to extend his Paris -
Dakar postal route into South America. Bouilloux-Lafont
was sceptical at first, but ended up buying the company
from Latécoère, an industrial entrepreneur
from Toulouse. His sense of national pride was offended to
see France overtaken by foreign (particularly German)
competition in South America. He created the Compagnie
Générale Aéropostale (CGA) (a name he
chose himself) and in a very short space of time, and
using his influential South American public construction
company (SUDAM), he created the sort of massive
infrastructure that is indispensable to an airline
company. Capital from this company served to finance the
construction of 15 aerodromes equipped with wireless
telegraph, radiogoniometry, hangars and workshops for
plane maintenance. By 1930, the Compagnie
Générale Aéropostale was operating a
network spanning 17,000 kilometres, employing 80 pilots,
250 mechanics, 53 radio operators and 250 sailors. It had
218 planes, 21 sea planes and 8 ships. This vast technical
and financial structure was then used by companies
belonging to the Aéropostale group to extend the
network to various South American countries such as
Argentina (Aeroposta Argentina), Uruguay (Aeroposta
Uruguaya), Brazil (Aeroposta Brazileira), Venezuela
(Aeroposta Venezolana). The national pilots of these
companies worked shoulder to shoulder with their French
colleagues (Vachet, Mermoz, Saint-Exupéry,
Guillaumet, etc) to establish and extend the network. However, at the beginning of 1930
financial difficulties became unmanageable. The Bouilloux-Lafont
group banks, which provided partial backing for
Aéropostale, had reached the point of no return
following the Wall Street crash in autumn 1929 and the
Brazilian revolution of October 1930. In France,
Parliament had not come to a decision on the successive
projects put forward by the Government for the
establishment of a statute for the merchant air force. An
agreement signed on August 2, 1929 by the Air Ministry and
the Bouilloux-Lafont
family, which would have been able to save the airline,
was not even presented to Parliament for ratification.
However hard he tried, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
was unable to find a partner to help breathe new life into
his group and demanded that the State provide him with
cash flow while awaiting the vote on an agreement. His
request was refused by the Ministry, who proposed the
creation of a committee appointed by the Ministry. The
socialist deputies found this option attractive and had it
adopted by the Chamber, though the Senate was more
favourable towards the Bouilloux-Lafont
family and rejected the text, replacing it with a proposal
for an additional subsidy of 6 million. However, Minister
Dumesnil (the Prime Minister at the time was Pierre Laval,
since January 27, 1931) declared his opposition to payment
of the subsidy unless CGA declared itself bankrupt. Thus
came the final curtain for the Bouilloux-Lafont
group's involvement in airmail service. Bankruptcy was
indeed declared on March 28, 1931 and on March 31 the
Compagnie Générale Aéropostale was
brought under compulsory liquidation. Political and
financial canvassing ensued, resulting in a massive
scandal brought about by the enemies of the Bouilloux-Lafont
family, whom they wished to see removed from the
aeronautics scene. In 1932, André Bouilloux-Lafont,
Marcel's son and Managing Director of the Compagnie
Générale Aéropostale, was himself
victim of a counter-espionage affair, concerning Nazi
manoeuvres that coveted the infrastructure created by the
Bouilloux-Lafont
family in South America. In 1933, Pierre Cot, air
transport minister and supporter of an internationalist
aeronautical policy, decided to reorganise the other
existing companies (Air Orient, Air Union, Farman, Cidra)
into a single company. This company was to be called SCELA
(central company for operation of airlines) and would give
rise to the joint-stock company, Air France, on September
1 of the same year. The assets of the Compagnie
Générale Aéropostale were bought at a
low cost, and the South America route was shared between
Lufthansa and Air France. Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
retired to Rio de Janeiro, making the effort to repay for
which he was held as liable, until February 2, 1944, the
day he died in a Rio hotel room, penniless and forgotten
by his country. "A company like Aéropostale could not be dependent on one man's fortune alone. If the State had assisted Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont, as it would today, this great company would certainly have survived and Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont would have been honoured and congratulated." (Marcel Dassault, 1980). © Guillemette de Bure,
granddaughter of Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
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